Effects of Fiscal and Monetary Policies, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth on CO2 Emissions in the Turkish Economy: Nonlinear Bootstrapping NARDL and Nonlinear Causality Methods

Governments use fiscal and monetary policies to direct the economy toward economic expansion. However, both could have impacts on environment. The study investigates effects of policy, energy consumption growth carbon dioxide emissions for Turkish from 1978 2021 with novel nonlinear bootstrapping NBARDL NBVARDL causality testing. methods are robust degenerate cointegration. By differentiating between expansionary contractionary policies, results determined presence long-run cointegrated relationships analyzed variables emissions. positive cannot be rejected, which become particularly pronounced in addition emission enhancing growth. policy also contrast a set literature. Nonlinear tests favor one-way suggest non-existent feedback effects, leading concerns Expansionary recessionary causal energy, further environmental degradation. findings highlight severity problems caused by policies. Important recommendations generated.